A View On China English Variety English Language Essay

A View On China English Variety English Language Essay There are several researches of varieties of world English, one of the famous scholars is Krachu worth mentioning. He put forward the notion of World Englishes in 1970s. And in 1985 he proposed the three concentric circles to view the varieties of English in which the inner circle refers to the conventional culture and linguistic bases of English. It includes the USA, Canada UK, Australia, Ireland and New Zealand with population about 320- 380 million. The outer or extended circle stands for the institutionalized non-native varieties. It involves the earlier periods of the expansion of English in non-native environments, where English plays a significant `Second Language function in a multilingual environment and it has become part of a nations institutions as well. The countries are, India, Singapore, Bangladesh, Malawi, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Zambia with population about 100-350 million. The expanding circle includes the regions where the performance varieties of the language are used essentially in EFL contexts, as in China, Japan, Korea, Iran, Greece, etc. with about over 750 million (Kachru 1985, 1992). There are about seventy-five countries and territories in which English has remained or kept on remaining a particular position, as a part of either the outer or inner circles (Crystal, 2001: 53). A historical view of China English The development of English in China is a process of linguistic and cultural regeneration of English in Chinese culture. Smith (1983) points out that language and culture are closely related to each other, but no language in the world is doomed to integrate itself with only one culture. The nativization of English in China is the process of integration of the English language and Chinese culture. According to the lecture note, the Europeans have contacted with the Chinese since the 13th century, then British people and Chinese people have experienced nearly four hundred years since the first Englishman, Captain John Weddell, arrived in Macao in 1637. In early 18th the British set up regular trade in Canton, after that in early 19th, trade exchange between India and China was established by the worlds biggest company at that time the English East India Corporation. English teaching and learning has also grown up since the English founded their trade. A lot of Christian mission schools as well as Christian universities and colleges were set up in Hong Kong, Canton, Shanghai and other port cities during that time. So, the history of English in China is approximately as long as that of American English. Chinese English or China English is not an entirely new phenomenon, and Pidgin had its own origin. Pidgin English and China English A Pidgin is a lingua franca that comes up in order to make communication easy among different language speakers in some circumstances such as plantation or trade situations where they suffer in dealings with each other (William, 1992: 224). Actually, Pidgin English in China originated from Pidgin Portuguese when the earliest Westerners who came to China were the Portuguese in the 16th century. Pidgin Portuguese did not disappear until 19th century when the English colonists came to South China to extend trade. With the increase of trade volume of Britain in China, a new Pidgin, Canton English, emerged as the times demanded. Many English words gradually replaced those Portuguese words. Pidgin Portuguese had a great effect on late Canton English, now known technically as Chinese Pidgin English. The formation of China English The identifiable characteristics of a nativized English exist in any combination of phonological, lexical, semantic, syntactic or discourse features. The nativization of English in China appears to be most obvious at the phonological level, however, the various accents and dialects of Chinese makes it difficult for us to have a detailed generalization to support. So, here are some features of China English: 1. Lexical level At the lexical level, Kachru (1982) has pointed out that a part of the lexicon is nativized in two ways. On one hand, native items are used in localized registers and styles in order to contextualize the language. On the other hand, English lexical items may acquire extended or restricted semantic markers. During the process of the nativization of English in China, the former is called cultural words, the latter, semantic shift. There is a great difference between Chinese and English culture, many a time we cant find equivalent English expressions to convey peculiar things in Chinese culture. Under this situation, people will employ different translation strategies, such as domesticating and foreignizing translations, literal and free translations, to interpret Chinese words of material and spiritual cultures into English. Domesticating translation mentions to the approach of translation in which a smooth, obvious form is accepted that lessen the oddity of a certain language text for its target language readers. Meanwhile, foreignizing translation indicates the translation method in which a target text intentionally cracks target traditional styles by keeping something foreign to the original. Words and phrases in China English are the main manifestations of the nativization of English in China. They get into English through the following ways. 1.1 Transliteration Many Pinyin words have directly entered English because of linguistic relativity and intranslatability of the applied language. Transliterated expressions in Pinyin can be considered a most conspicuous feature of China English with the technique of literal translation and the strategies of foreignizing translation. Chinese personal and geographical names and even some other China-unique facts can be romanized in Chinese Pinyin either in completeness (e.g. Wen Jiabao; Shanghai) or in part (e.g. Maotai Liquor). Actually, transliterated words from Chinese into English originated in the early 19th century. At that time, lots of Chinese personal names and geographical names were translated into English, according to Wade-giles system, the phonetic system called Wade System, a system of Romanization of Chinese (http://dictionary.reference.com) widely used in representing Chinese words and names in English, particularly before being adopted as Pinyin. It is also called Wade-Giles with some characteristics of English spelling, but it didnt stick to the principles of English spelling fully. And in the early times there were some transliterations from Guangdong dialects and Southern Fujian dialects, such as tea (cha); chowmei (chao mian ); won ton (huntun) cheongsam (qipao) and so on. A system using the Latin alphabet, called Pinyin, has been developed in China since 1950s, and it is now in common use. Now lets compare the following different transliterated words according to Jiang Yajun (1995: 15): In the Wade Giles system In the Pinyin system Mao Tse Tung Mao Zedong Peking Beijing Taipei Taibei With the fast increasing of publicity and exchange with the outside world, China has been greatly affecting the world in many different fields, like politics, economy, culture, education, science and daily life. In this case, more and more Chinese words expressing peculiar things in Chinese culture have been translated into English through transliteration and have become loanwords of English. They greatly enrich English vocabulary. Lets look at some vocabularies in China English from the lecture notes that are transliterated under specific historical and cultural background: Confucius (Kong fu zi); Lao-tzu (Lao zi); Yin (Yin) and Yang (Yang); qipao (qipao); doufu (doufu); litchi (lizhi); wushu (wushu); quyi (quyi );kongfu (kong fu), etc. 1.2 Loan translations When there are no transliterated borrowings, or hybridization, loan translations will be adopted. Many Chinese words and expressions have been translated into English by borrowing English words and phrases directly. There are three forms of loan translations. They are compound words, clipped words, and phrases (Zhou Feng, 1987: 111-125). The essence of their ideas can be summarized as follows: Loan translations are the form of compound words, like Canton ginger (Canton is a transliteration, and ginger is a native word); teacup (from Chinese word chabei); teahouse (from Chinese word chaguan), etc. Other examples of this kind of loan translation are the English calque, like beancurd (from Chinese compound word doufu; dou=bean or soy, fu-curd); red bean (from Chinese compound word chidou; chi-red, dou=bean), etc. Another form of loan translations refers to English phrases translated from Chinese phrases literally. All these English phrases possess the peculiar characteristics of Chinese culture that cant be found in English culture. For example, things originating from the culture of Buddhism, philosophy and Chinese ancient literature: Taoism (Dao jiao); Buddhism (Rusijiao); The Analects (Lunyu); The book of Changes (Yijing) and so on. Loan translations in specific historical and cultural developing periods of China: red guard (Hongweibing); one big pot (daguofan); ideological remoulding (sixianggaizao); paper tiger (zhilaohu); four modernizations (sigexiangdaihua); spiritual civilization (jingshenwenming);material civilization (wuzhiwenming)Three Represents (Sangedaibiao); rule by virtue ( yidezhiguo); etc. 2. Syntactic level Words are the smallest units of the language. While, sentences are the grammatical units of the highest grade in the language, and they are the basic linguistic units for people to exchange ideas and communicate with each other. At the syntactic level, China English is affected by the way of uses and using Chinese structures (Jia Delin, 1990: 93-7). Let look at some following features: 1. The most significant information is often placed at the beginning of a sentence, then modifiers one after one by English native speakers, therefore a linear series with a small part of head and a big part of trunk is created. Chinese people do it conversely, e.g. other extra information is first introduced, then the main information, for example: I will follow you wherever you go. Wherever you go, I will follow you. (CE) 2. The illustration of the cause and result about a thing in Chinese is in the reverse direction to that in English. In general, the result in English is firstly given and then the cause, which is opposite to Chinese word order. The following sentences can better exemplify this case. The isolation of the rural world is compounded because of the paucity of information media. Because there are not enough information media, the isolation of the rural world is compounded. (CE) 3. In English, there are many English sentences with pronoun it as empty subjects, but this kind of pronoun does not exist in Chinese. Lets compare several pairs of sentences below in order to identify the characteristics of China English more closely: It is Monday today. Today is Monday. (CE) Who is it? Who are you? (CE) 4. There are some differences existing in the positions of interrogatives, in responding to negative interrogatives. I dont think you are right doing like that. I think you are not right doing like that. (CE) 5. Different cultural background knowledge in Chinese and English also leads to different understanding in translation. For example: Good luck! Go to work happily, and come back safely! (CE) From the above examples, we find the main difference between English and Chinese is that English is a language of hypotaxis while Chinese is a language of parataxis. Hypotaxis refers to that the sentences are organized by the grammatical relations. But parataxis means the sentences are structured by the logic relations. Therefore, English sentences are well knitted, and Chinese sentences are terse and lucid. Conclusion There is a growing awareness that English has become an international communication tool and a neutral information medium across the world. China English, as an English variety developed in Chinese culture, is sure to carry Chinese norms and behavior. So its variations are reasonable during the practical applications, and there should be no distinction of right and wrong or good and bad. For communication is the purpose of the language. And this will be the trend of China English development.

The Relationship between Architecture and Politics

Architecture is non merely classified as depicting the elegant and formal penchants of an designer, but it can besides uncover the hopes, power battle and the elements civilization of the society. Although nowadays architecture tend to revolve around subjects that represents neutrality in order to stand for a fitter subject or image for the metropolis without back uping any political government, it can be surely maintained that utilizing architecture as a major tool to typify power and authorization for a society such as Nazi Germany and Rome power is a needed and preferable tool in order to maintain the bequest of the society or country alive as clip base on ballss by as the built environment is a text whose every word reveals a nation’s vicissitudes. As insofar the edifice that was merely said to be a work or architectural Earth can function a intent of being a ocular metaphor, denoting something in its ain manner about the power, being, strength, protectiveness and construc tion of the establishment it represents. First, architecture supports the system with a structural theoretical account which is used by the society to gestate the universe which makes it connected with political power as said by Mitchell kapor â€Å"Architecture is politics† . Hence there is a structural relationship between the societal and political sides, architecture reveals the power that is embodied in it and specifically the monumental architecture that is formed by the political powers. These memorials shows the power of the persons accountable for their formation and they describe the nature of that power. For illustration, utilizing axial architecture symbolizes systematically more to power which control the community as it directs people to that place or that specific power. Whereas, Non-axial architecture ever maintain the equality of component parts and puts the picks ever between people’s custodies instead than the command of certain end. Furthermore non axial architecture is on a regular basis c onnected to political power as authorization from the multitudes. Architecture that symbolizes top-down distribution of power is the antonym of an architecture that demonstrates control vested by the community as shown even in prisons as the warden’s power is over the inmate which shows the supreme border of societal control. As architecture can command the manner we understand the universe, looking at architectural history the relation between the monumental architecture and political power can systematically be seen. Architecture gives us the pick to visualise mentally and back up societies to make systems that shows their societal and cultural traditions and patterns. Hence, leaders use it to show the manner that they understand world in and show how they crave to be seen by the people and implement their sentiment and position and carry their power over the public. However, Nazi’s and Romans leaders in Germany and Rome in the old centuries used architecture in a manner to exudate power and domination in order to maintain their bequest as a society with power and wealth in the universe, hence their edifices had an tremendous consequence on the manner designers designed their edifices in the western side of the universe and still continues till this twenty-four hours. Nowadays along the western universe the consequence of Roman power is still manifest which shows how utilizing architecture as a society power tool can be effectual and is needed by the universe, and many European metropoliss still have keepsakes that remind them of the ancient Rome. Architecture played an indispensable function in conveying together the imperium and was critical to the success of Rome as both formal architecture like temples and basilicas for illustration Bridgess and aqueducts had a major function in stand foring Rome power. Communication across the far flung was supported by the building of the roads with their Bridgess. Furthermore, clean and hygiened H2O was provided to the people in metropolis by aquedects. Whereas, the basilica fulfilled administrative maps which was showed in American metropoliss in town halls or tribunal houses and other edifices besides served Roman power weather straight or indirectly. The basilicas had assorted features and constituents such as a projection which the Romans called apsis which acted as the place of the magistrate accountable for distributing the jurisprudence and along with it comes a scene or an image of the emperor which is the beginning of the jurisprudence. Then above the image is a curvey semi -circular line which acts as an reverberation in the signifier of the apsis. The basilica in Roman metropolis carried the construct of Roman authorization for the people of the Roman Empire. The association with individual was a leading account for the usage of the basilica soft as the typical become of the Christian church from the abstraction of the Emperor Metropolis. The organisation of the infinite and temperament of the edifices in the 2nd century formed about a symbolic map of Roman power which the survey of this early 2nd century edifice composite show us. To sum up the Roman architecture, the basilica with its apsiss points and symbolized to Roman jurisprudence power ; the authorization of classical civilization and literature is shown by its formal libraries ; and the faith is reflected to the public life of the people by the temples. Besides Trajan which is the Roman military leader and has images at the centre of the metropolis in the imperial axis has ordered the built of the markets on the adjacent hill which states an obvious statement about the emperor being the supplier for the Roman public. Reminders of the civilization and traditions of the Roman Empire are still at that place throughout the western universe metropoliss. Most Leaderships want to give bullying and control through their built environment and ocular testament to their strength and control to the people and the state.Examples can be seen all around the universe. In Paris after Napoleon became the male monarch of the imperium in 1804, he wanted Paris to go the new Rome so you can happen assorted similarities in their edifices. The Arc de Triumphed, started to be built by Napoleon in 1806 but non finished until 1836, is the highly celebrated illustration of the Gallic pickings of Roman expressions In Vendome in Paris, the leader Napoleon ordered the built of a monumental free-standing column that was clearly based and similar in construction to the column of Ttrajan from the early 2nd century.A bronze statue is on the top of the vendomne column and has a costume that looks like a Roman, like Trajan on his column. The service of the Madeleine. The interior decorator Pierre-Alexandre Vignon field supported his building on the distinguishable strain of the Italian Temple. Second, Nazi’s and Hitler besides used architecture in a manner to endanger and intimidate the people and travel frontward in the power of their province. It is shown clearly in their undertakings as some component like stark frontages, columns, pilasters, and clean lines is used in a monolithic graduated table by the project’s designers such as Albert Speer, Hermann Giesler, and Fritz Todt to organize a new aesthetic and demonstrate power, control and domination.Moreover, the building’s sizes gave a immense consequence and showed clearly the wealth and power of the Germans to anyone who ventured their edifices. Hence, the metropolis of Berlin was to be the metropolis of the Nazis ‘ corp, and as such, required to sleep together and resemble the cognition, dominance, and quality of the Fascist circle. Raising images of the Catholicism Empire, the remade Berlin would be titled Germania, the old European works for Deutschland. Domination of the universe was th e purpose of Berlin so it required more memorials.So to ceremonialize the power of the German province a program and theoretical accounts to make a metropolis with an tremendous figure of public edifice were made by the designers responsible of the undertaking. Many edifices are still lasting boulder clay nowadays although the Berlin program did non to the full win that represent the rare tendency of the government. The manner of intimidaton architecture was the chief manner used by the Germans while edifice and planing their edifices. Other edifices non representative of the Nazivogueall the samereference Nazi purposes by glorifyingboththe yesteryear of Teutonic and the civilization of the rural every bit good. Always, Nazi architects workedto confirmthat their edifices servedthe needsof the government. Influenced by classicalHellenic Republicand Rome, they cultivatedANaesthetic of order, victimization lowest ornament andactionstraight lines. From the Baroque epoch, theyrealisedthe facilityof edifices as looks of wealth and power, and they triedto includethat look into their edifices. Nazidesignserved the province by suing its values, showing its power, andmakingedifices capable of lastingfor 100s of old ages. The Nazistriedto regulateeachfacetof Germans ‘ lives ; designcontenda cardinal roleduring this. The order and plainness of Nazi facadesmirroredthe orderperfectby Nazi theoreticians. Topographic points designed for mass community experiencesdesignedunityround theparty. Buildingsreflectiverural and Teutonic pastsemphasisedthe Nazis ‘ glorificationof thesetimes.Constantaspects of Nazi buildingssupposedto impress foreign diplomats served dual responsibility by expressingthe strength of theNational Socialistic German Workers ‘ PartytoeverybodyUnited Nations agencylapsed.Adolf HitlerandSpeerhad religion that thatdesignhadthe powertodeeplyinfuence peoples ‘s ideas and actions. In theirneuroticplans for Germania, they showedexpresslythatdesignwas a tool of the state.it'dbeaccustomedpromote political orientation, even at the disbursal of livability.Adolf Hitlerwishedbuildings to be â€Å" the word in rock, † lasting, a clear representations of the Nazi ideals. S ame all the antithetic assortments of art throughout the Socialism programme, Structure was a marionette of both the province and the commonwealth every bit good as John Ruskin the English author said â€Å"Architecture is the work of nations† . This shows that architecture can be used in a dramatic multiple of ways to supply the state, civilization and society its ain characteristic and personal appeal. A majordistinctionbetween theclassicalstatedesignofThird Reich|Reich } andclassicaldesigninalternative trendycountries in Europe and America is that in Germanyit perfectly washoweveroneaspectof a badly autocratic province. Its dictatorly aimedto determinestudyorder ; gridironcityplans, axial symmetricalness, hierarchicplacement of province structureamongurbanhouseon a scalemeantto strengthenthe interpersonal and governmental regulation wanted by the Nazi propose, thatanticipated the supplanting ofreligious beliefandmoralvalues bya trade name newquite worshipsupportedthe cult of Nazi sufferer and leaders and witha worthsystemnearthat of pre-Christian Rome In Mein Kampf, Germanic Nazi states that industrialized Teutonic metropoliss of his twenty-four hours lacked high unfastened memorials and a halfway speech pattern for district spirit. In fact, unfavorable judgment of thefastmanufactureof German citiesonce1870 had already been voiced. The ideal Nazitownwasn'tto beoverlarge, sinceit had beentoreplicatepre-industrial values and its province memorials, theproductand symbols of corporate attempt, were toleanmostprominence by being centrally set within the new and reshaped metropoliss of the enlarged Composer. Nazi ‘s remarks in Mein Kampf indicated that he saw edifices suchlike the amphitheater and besides the Circus Maximus As symbols of the politicalwould possiblyand power of the Romanindividuals.Potentateexplicit, â€Å" Architectureisn'tsolelythewordin rock, howeveris alsothe look ofthe religionand strong belief of a community, alternativelyit signifiesthe ability, illustriousness and awards of an excellent adult male or single † . In Potentate ‘s cultural way, â€Å" The Buildings of the Reich, † delivered in Sep 1937, inNuremberg, hethoroughbredthat the new edifices of the Reich wereto bolsterthe authorization of theNational Socialistic German Workers ‘ Partyand besides thestate and atidenticaltimegive † giganticproofof the community † . Thesubjectproofof this authoritymayalready be seen inNuremberg, metropolisand Berlin and would go stilla batch ofevidentoncea batch ofplans had beenplaceintoresult. Hitler himself was as a girlish adult male was ab initio impresssed with the highly formed, ornate, neo-Baroque trend unfastened in assorted Habsburg-era people edifices. Flat so, he matte that the cardinal making for a morality populace concern was that it verbalised the capableness of its person. These edifices, with their immoderate volume of pilasters, porticos, columns, arches, and pediments, manifested the wealth and state of the German and royalty provinces. Whereasthese highly-decorated buildingssquare measuremarkedlytotally differentfrom those designedthroughoutHitler ‘s reign, they possess symmetricalness, a properpartofstylethateachdesignerandDer Fuhrerbelieved was essentialto doing order. The impressive Berlinerdom exudes any wealth, with thenar in apiece character and intersection. In block with Der Fuhrer, the cathedral, thinking excessively bantam, was â€Å" appropriately impressive. † The all-night arcades of the New Hofsburg and therefore the sedimentat ion of Penalty Study, each in character of Oesterreich, breathe at the lordly and colonnades entrywaies open in edifices subsequent in experience, peculiarly Designer ‘s New Reich authority’s construction. The New Hofsburg, Vienna Furthermore, Hitler, as a trainedcreator, was well-versedwithin thehistory ofdesign.Within theNazi'sseekassociate † orderly † aesthetic, a batch ofattention was paid to the classical edifices ofBalkan countryand Rome.It’sstraightforwardto examinethe similarities betweenAlbertSpeer ‘s Zeppelintribune, shownhigher thanright, and hence thePergamon Altar of Zeus housedwithin theBerlin Pergamon museum: Albert Speer ‘s Zeppelintribune The Pergamon Altar to ZeusIn fact, Albert Speerhimselfexplicitthat theapsissupportedthis Pergamon memorial. There besides arenoticeable similarities between thecoliseumin Romeand therefore the Olympiastadion in Berlin. Specially, the 2 edifices assets a superimposed grouping of pillars and arches. Notwithstanding, the athleticss bowl differs from the amphitheater in its demand of curves or circular arches. Olympiastadion ‘s exterior is regressive, and depends on rectangles formed from healthy crosswise and consecutive lines to realize its spik, organized lead. Further, the athleticss bowl outside is bare: there ‘s no ornamentation of any good, merely lines. These penchants for healthy lines and kosher outsides are a regular self-praise of Socialism edifices, particularly those organized by Designer, and businessman them as definite from the neoclassical constructions that influenced them, Authoritative edifices were to a great extent with statues. Fascist edifices are put ing for his or her about tot deficiency of honor. The amphitheater in Rome Olympiastadion in Berlin To reason, although after the mid century and the beginning of the 19Thursdaycentury urban designers and societies began to alter their constructs and preferred to utilize architecture and design edifices in a manner to do metropoliss healthier and assist in cut downing offenses and deduct jobs. Furthermore designers had an purpose to better the attitude of the people and society and they wanted to utilize architecture to cut down poorness, offenses, and prevent revolutions.However, architecture can be used in both ways but I surely agree that if architecture is used as a participatory tool to stand for power and strength for certain society it would play a major function in altering history and consequence vitally the civilization of the universe as Frank Lloyd the American designer said â€Å"Themother art is architecture. Without an architecture of our ain we have no psyche of our ain civilization†.Also architecture in that manner leaves bequests behind them that coming coe valss can look up to and that is why designers and leaders that clip tried their best to function strenghtfull testament through their designs and edifices.

Income Elasticity of Demand

Price elasticity of demand measures the degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded of a good X to a given change to a price of itself, ceteris paribus. Price elasticity of demand is calculated by dividing the proportionate change in quantity demanded by the proportionate change in price. When PED is greater than one (PED > 1) demand is said to be elastic When PED is between zero to one (0 > PED > 1) demand in said to be inelastic When PED is equal to one (PED > 1) demand is said to be unit-elastic (unitary elasticity) A perfectly inelastic demand curve, perpendicular to the X-axis, has zero elasticity. A perfectly elastic demand curve, horizontal to X axis, is infinitely elastic. The price elasticity of demand for a particular demand curve is influenced by the following factors: Availability of substitutes: the greater the number of substitute products, the greater the elasticity. Degree of necessity or luxury: luxury products tend to have greater elasticity than necessities. Some products that initially have a low degree of necessity are habit forming and can become â€Å"necessities† to some consumers. Proportion of income required by the item: products requiring a larger portion of the consumer's income tend to have greater elasticity. †¢ Time period considered: elasticity tends to be greater over the long run because consumers have more time to adjust their behavoir to price changes. Income elasticity of demand measure the degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded of good X to a given change in level of income, ceteris paribus. Income elasticity of demand is calculated by dividing the proportionate change in quantity demanded by the proportionate change in level of income. When YED is less than one (YED ; 1) demand is income inelastic. When YED is greater than one (YED ; 1) demand is income elastic. If YED is negative (YED ; 0) the good is sometimes referred to as an inferior good as opposed to normal goods ( 0 ; YED ; 1) and superior ( luxury ) goods (YED;1). The income elasticity of demand for a particular demand curve is influenced by the following factors: †¢ Need of good ( Basic necessity or luxury good ) †¢ Level of income †¢ Time factor One reason for this is that as a society becomes richer, there are changes in consumer perceptions about different goods and services together with changes in consumer tastes and preferences. What might have been considered a luxury good several years ago might now be regarded as a necessity Income Elasticity of Demand Income Elasticity of Demand is a measure of responsiveness of demand to the changes in income and it involves demand curve shifts. It provides information on the direction of change of demand, given a change in income and the size of the change. Formula for YED: Percentage change in quantity demanded = %?Q Percentage change in income %?Y Normal goods have a positive value of YED, while Inferior goods have a negative value of YED as shown in the graph below: Normal goods: when income increases, demand for normal goods increases as well. An increase in income leads to an increase in consumption, demand shifts to the right Inferior goods: when income increases, demand for this good falls. The demand curve shifts left as income rises. As income rises, the proportion spent on food tends to fall while the proportion spent on services tends to rise. Necessity and Luxury goods Necessity YED 1 If a good has a YED that is greater than one, is has income elastic demand: a percentage increase in income produces a larger percentage increase in quantity demanded. Luxuries are income elastic goods. Like the I Phone or chewing gum. Applications of Income and elasticity of demand YED implication for producers and for the economy Overt time the economy grows and the society’s income increases. Increasing income means a rising demand for goods and services. If the average economic growth is 3% per year, goods and services have income elastic demand (YED >1) thus, the demand of these goods and services grows at a higher rate than 3%. Examples include Restaurants, Movies and Health care, (these goods and services are produced by industries that develop and expand more rapidly than the total income in the economy). Also the demands of other goods such as food, clothing and furniture which are inelastic have a rate of less than 3%, (these goods and services are produced by industries growing more slowly than total income). Higher YED greater future expansion Lower YED Smaller future expansion This means that before you may produce a good think about the YED. The three parts of an Economy Primary sector agriculture, forestry, fishing and extractive industries. Positive YED thus is income inelastic. * Manufacturing sector textile and appliances. Income elastic Negative YED. * Service sector entertainment, insurance and education. Higher YED, greater percentage increase in the demand. Hence as the total output of agricultural shares in the economy drops, the share manufactured output grows. Through continuous growth, t he service sector expands at the expense of both agriculture and manufacturing as shown in the diagram below: Less economically developed countries have a larger primary sector while developed countries are dominated by services. **Remember that if the total output increases over time, a falling share of a certain sector (like the primary sector) does not automatically mean that the output is reducing, probably the sectors output is growing but slower than the total output. An increasing share for a sector means that its output is growing more rapidly than the total output.

Impact of Employee Benefits on Work Motivation and...

International Journal of Career Management Emerald Article: Impact of employee benefits on work motivation and productivity Jon-Chao Hong, Sung-De Yang, Li-Jung Wang, En-Fu Chiou, Fan-Yin Su, sui-Lan Huang Article information: To cite this document: Jon-Chao Hong, Sung-De Yang, Li-Jung Wang, En-Fu Chiou, Fan-Yin Su, sui-Lan Huang, (1995),Impact of employee benefits on work motivation and productivity, International Journal of Career Management, Vol. 7 Iss: 6 pp. 10 - 14 Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556219510098064 Downloaded on: 12-12-2012 References: This document contains references to 3 other documents Citations: This document has been cited by 3 other documents To copy this document:†¦show more content†¦Of the 133 excellent welfare corporations sampled from material offered by the Labour Welfare Section of the Council of Labour Affairs, each was supplied with 30 manager copies and 60 employee copies, 11,970 in total. Of these 5,481 were returned from 89 corporations. The questionnaire consisted of 27 employee benefit programmes, discussed and identified by 15 scholars in this field. These 27 programmes were: foreign travel subsidies; entertainment equipment and activities; transportation facilities; opportunity for further education/training; subsidies for further education/training; counselling measures; day-care service; maternity and paternity leave; group and dependent insurance; various loans; dividends; year-end bonuses; 10 The International Journal of Career Management Volume 7  · Number 6  · 1995  · pp. 10–14  © MCB University Press  · ISSN 0955-6214 Impact of employee benefits on work motivation and productivity Jon-Chao Hong Sung-De Yang Li-Jung Wang En-Fu Chiou Fan-Yin Sun and Tsui-Lan Huang The authors Jon-Chao Hong, Sung-De Yang, Li-Jung Wang, En-Fu Chiou, Fan-Yin Sun and Tsui-Lan Huang are based in the Department of Industrial Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. Abstract Everyone works in expectation of some rewards, and welfare is one of them. In order to understand the impact of employee benefits on employees’Show MoreRelatedEmployee Dissatisfaction1588 Words   |  7 PagesEmployee dissatisfaction leads to non hygienic and non favorable work environment (Mawoli amp; Winnubst, 2011). If an employee is dissatisfied to his job he/she is quitting, not engage in working activities rather than adapting behavior like problem solving related to their working activities and they are not fulfilling their job and work requirement because they are not satisfied and also it create bad impact on the productivity of the organization. Individual differences on small scale in an organizationRead MoreWhy Incentive Plans Can Not Work1555 Words   |  7 Pages Why Incentive Plans Cannot Work - By A. Kohn Name Subject Situation Analysis: The article emphasizes that managers are skeptical about the redemptive effects of rewards. 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